Tidy up

docs/lectures/ethics/09_responsible_research.md

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ An 80 billion euro programme to tackle:
 - Health, demographic change and the well-being of citizens
 - Food security and sustainable agriculture
 - Sustainable and efficient energy
-- Smart, green transport 
+- Smart, green transport
 - Climate action, resource efficiency and raw materials
 - Inclusive and innovative society
 - Secure society protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens
 
-What RRI seeks to achieve with respect to these grand challenges is **situate** science and technology development in its **social context**. Fundamentally, RRI aims to drive high quality innovations in science and technology that are in the public interest and create a society in which research and innovation practices work towards **ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes**.
+What RRI seeks to achieve with respect to these grand challenges is to **situate** science and technology development in its **social context**. Fundamentally, RRI aims to drive high-quality innovations in science and technology that are in the public interest and create a society in which research and innovation practices work towards **ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes**.
 
 #### Responsible Innovation
 
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ Reflexivity is particularly important at an institutional or organisational leve
 
 This is called “second-order reflexivity” and contrasts with “first-order reflexivity”, where individuals reflect on and scrutinise themselves privately. Second-order reflexivity seeks to make reflexivity a public matter and leads to kinds of consideration of ethical governance proposed by Alan Winfield and Marina Jirotka we discussed in lecture 7.
 
-Reflexivity is key to the development of ethically acceptable and socially desirable innovations. It requires researchers and innovators see beyond organisational boundaries and responsibilities and consider their wider, moral responsibilities.
+Reflexivity is key to the development of ethically acceptable and socially desirable innovations. It requires researchers and innovators to see beyond organisational boundaries and responsibilities and consider their wider, moral responsibilities.
 
 **Inclusion**
 
 **Inclusion** recognises the need to open up anticipatory visions of future social worlds to public dialogue in ways that critically interrogate the social, political and ethical viewpoints implicated in technology development.
 
-Inclusion requires that we are sensitive to 
+Inclusion requires that we are sensitive to
 
 - a) the ‘intensity’ of public engagement – i.e., how early members of the public and other stakeholders are consulted in the innovation process
 - b) ‘openness’ – i.e., how diverse the sample is and who is represented
@@ -60,58 +60,58 @@ Stilgoe et al. also place emphasis on the role of governance approaches in R&I,
 
 https://www.epsrc.ac.uk/research/framework
 
-The framework is called **AREA** and reflects the 4 dimensions of Stilgoe et als responsible innovation framework, reframed as Anticipate, Engage, Reflect and Act.
+The framework is called **AREA** and reflects the 4 dimensions of Stilgoe et al.’s responsible innovation framework, reframed as Anticipate, Engage, Reflect and Act.
 
-**Anticipate** asks researchers to describe and analyse any economic, social and / or environmental impacts, intended or otherwise, that might arise from the proposed research. The aim is not to predict the actual impact of the proposed research, but to explore potential impacts and implications of the research that may otherwise remain ignored during the research the process.
+**Anticipate** asks researchers to describe and analyse any economic, social and/or environmental impacts, intended or otherwise, that might arise from the proposed research. The aim is not to predict the actual impact of the proposed research, but to explore potential impacts and implications of the research that may otherwise remain ignored during the research process.
 
 **Reflect** asks researchers to reflect on the purposes, motivations, and potential implications of their research, and the associated uncertainties, areas of ignorance, assumptions, framings, questions, dilemmas and social transformations these may occasion.
 
 **Engage** asks researchers to open up their research visions and their potential impacts to broader deliberation, dialogue, engagement and debate with stakeholders and the public in an inclusive way.
 
-**Act** asks researchers to using the processes of Anticipation, Reflection and Engagement to influence the direction and trajectory of the research and innovation process itself.
+**Act** asks researchers to use the processes of Anticipation, Reflection and Engagement to influence the direction and trajectory of the research and innovation process itself.
 
 So RRI is an important part of the EU and UK research and innovation pipeline and will become much more so now that the UK research councils have been brought together under the umbrella of UK Research and Innovation or UKRI.
 
 ## How does RRI work?
 
-The focus of RRI is not only on achieving ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes. It also and fundamentally concerned with *how* research and innovation is conducted and the parties involved in the process. RRI can thus be broken down into four key elements: **policy**, **stakeholders**, **outcomes**, **process**.
+The focus of RRI is not only on achieving ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes. It is also and fundamentally concerned with *how* research and innovation is conducted and the parties involved in the process. RRI can thus be broken down into four key elements: **policy**, **stakeholders**, **outcomes**, **process**.
 
 ###### Policy
 
-The EU sets out six key policies to shape responsible research and innovation processes, which are target at governments, funding agencies and R&I organisations.
+The EU sets out six key policies to shape responsible research and innovation processes, which are targeted at governments, funding agencies and R&I organisations.
 
-1. Robust goverence
-   - RRI principles should, as a matter of policy, be **embedded in robust** **governance** frameworks. These frameworks should be flexible and adapt to change so as to be capable of responding to the unpredictable nature of research and innovation.
+1. Robust governance
+    - RRI principles should, as a matter of policy, be **embedded in robust** **governance** frameworks. These frameworks should be flexible and adapt to change so as to be capable of responding to the unpredictable nature of research and innovation.
 2. Gender equality
-   - It is also a matter of policy that research and innovation take the perspectives of both men and women into account to ensure outcomes are relevant to the whole population. 
-   - Decision-making bodies and R&I organisations should have balanced gender representation and strive to ensure **gender equality** in research and innovation.
+    - It is also a matter of policy that research and innovation take the perspectives of both men and women into account to ensure outcomes are relevant to the whole population.
+    - Decision-making bodies and R&I organisations should have balanced gender representation and strive to ensure **gender equality** in research and innovation.
 3. Integrity
-   - Honesty, accountability, fairness and good stewardship should be core principles of research and innovation and are key to ensuring the **integrity** of R&I.
-4. Public and stakeholder engagment
-   - The **public and other stakeholders** should, as a matter of policy, be **engaged in research** and innovation processes as early as possible to avoid tokenism, ensure outcomes align with the values, needs and expectations of society and to avert societal backlash
-     - as, for example, happened with the attempted introduction of GM crops into the UK
+    - Honesty, accountability, fairness and good stewardship should be core principles of research and innovation and are key to ensuring the **integrity** of R&I.
+4. Public and stakeholder engagement
+    - The **public and other stakeholders** should, as a matter of policy, be **engaged in research** and innovation processes as early as possible to avoid tokenism, ensure outcomes align with the values, needs and expectations of society and to avert societal backlash
+        - as, for example, happened with the attempted introduction of GM crops into the UK
 5. Open Access (FAIR)
-   - publicly funded research should be **open access** in order to catalyse broader innovation, encourage collaboration and improve the quality of research
-   - Scientific results and data should follow the FAIR principle
-     -  results and data should be **F**indable, **A**ccessible, **I**nteroperable, and **R**eusable
+    - publicly funded research should be **open access** in order to catalyse broader innovation, encourage collaboration and improve the quality of research
+    - Scientific results and data should follow the FAIR principle
+        - results and data should be **F**indable, **A**ccessible, **I**nteroperable, and **R**eusable
 6. Science and technology education
-   - The demand for highly qualified people continues to rise globally and there is also need as a matter of policy for improved **science and technology education** to build the necessary capacity to enable R&I at scale and to provide citizens with the knowledge they need to engage with research and innovation.
+    - The demand for highly qualified people continues to rise globally and there is also need as a matter of policy for improved **science and technology education** to build the necessary capacity to enable R&I at scale and to provide citizens with the knowledge they need to engage with research and innovation.
 
 ###### Stakeholders
 
 RRI involves a range of stakeholders, who should in one way or another be involved in permanent and ongoing dialogue with one another. These stakeholders include:
 
-**Policymakers**, who have the ability to bring stakeholders to the table and foster debate. This not only includes government but funding agencies, the directors R&I organisations and anyone else involved in making decisions that shape research and innovation locally, nationally and internationally.
+**Policymakers**, who have the ability to bring stakeholders to the table and foster debate. This not only includes government but funding agencies, the directors of R&I organisations and anyone else involved in making decisions that shape research and innovation locally, nationally and internationally.
 
 The **research community** is obviously a key stakeholder in research and innovation and includes everyone in the research and innovation pipeline from science advocates and communicators, to research managers, researchers, technicians and support staff.
 
-**Business and industry**, from start ups to SMEs to large corporates and transnational companies, are all key to research and bringing innovations to bear on social life.
+**Business and industry**, from start-ups to SMEs to large corporates and transnational companies, are all key to research and bringing innovations to bear on social life.
 
 **The education community**, from primary school to university, science centres and museums, and including teachers, students and their families, play a key role in building capacity and promoting public understanding of science and technology.
 
 **Civil society organisations**, such as trade unions, NGOs and the media, also play important roles in shaping research and innovation.
 
-RRI seeks to involve these stakeholders in shaping ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes. Indeed, in recognising that research and innovation reaches beyond the lab, RRI seeks to foster **shared** **responsibility** for research and innovation and ensure that it that serves the public good.
+RRI seeks to involve these stakeholders in shaping ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable outcomes. Indeed, in recognising that research and innovation reaches beyond the lab, RRI seeks to foster **shared** **responsibility** for research and innovation and ensure that it serves the public good.
 
 ###### Process
 
@@ -141,15 +141,15 @@ Abma Tineke and Jacqueline Broerse’s ‘dialogue model’ of participatory res
 
 **Exploration** is the first phase of the dialogue model and aims to identify and make contact with the different stakeholder organisations, groups, and individuals that should be involved in the research.
 
-**Consultation** does at it suggests and engages stakeholders separately in a dialogue about the research to ensure their voices are heard. Tineke and Broerse emphasize the importance of paying attention to diversity (age, gender, ethnicity, etc.) and being sensitive to asymmetries in power in doing this.
+**Consultation** does as it suggests and engages stakeholders separately in a dialogue about the research to ensure their voices are heard. Tineke and Broerse emphasise the importance of paying attention to diversity (age, gender, ethnicity, etc.) and being sensitive to asymmetries in power in doing this.
 
 - They underscore the need to empower stakeholders who are not used to actively participating in research to enable “more equal interaction with professionals” and that researchers should pay particular attention to the issues that matter to specific stakeholders.
 - Consultation also involves determining appropriate methods of conducting research dialogues with stakeholders, e.g., interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, observations, etc.
 
-**Prioritisation** as the name suggests is about identifying which research themes that emerge from the consultation process should be take priority.
+**Prioritisation** as the name suggests is about identifying which research themes that emerge from the consultation process should take priority.
 
-- This often an iterative process involving further consultation with stakeholders to ensure the right themes are being prioritised appropriately.
-- Importantly it involves consideration of what can reasonably be expected to be achieved within the lifetime of project, which means that while a theme may have high priority for stakeholders, it may not be technically achievable in the available timeframes, which may lead to it being de-prioritised.
+- This is often an iterative process involving further consultation with stakeholders to ensure the right themes are being prioritised appropriately.
+- Importantly it involves consideration of what can reasonably be expected to be achieved within the lifetime of the project, which means that while a theme may have high priority for stakeholders, it may not be technically achievable in the available timeframes, which may lead to it being de-prioritised.
 - Prioritisation is a matter of compromise between what stakeholders want and what can be technically delivered.
 
 **Integration** seeks to combine the prioritised research themes into a coherent research agenda.
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Abma Tineke and Jacqueline Broerse’s ‘dialogue model’ of participatory res
 
 The **programming** phase involves specifying a research plan to enable the research agenda to be implemented.
 
-- It involves setting a programming committee involving stakeholder representatives to ensure the research addresses the concerns of all stakeholders as it proceeds into implementation.
+- It involves setting up a programming committee involving stakeholder representatives to ensure the research addresses the concerns of all stakeholders as it proceeds into implementation.
 
 And **implementation** obviously involves putting the plan into practice.
 
@@ -169,19 +169,19 @@ And **implementation** obviously involves putting the plan into practice.
 
 The collective resources approach led to action-based and experience-based design methods that leveraged prototypes as vehicles for participatory research.
 
-Prototyping was established as an alternative approach to requirements specification in the 1970s, replacing a written document subject to the vagaries of interpretation with a functioning version of a computing system. 
+Prototyping was established as an alternative approach to requirements specification in the 1970s, replacing a written document subject to the vagaries of interpretation with a functioning version of a computing system.
 
-The **problem** with prototyping is that it is by its very nature a technical exercise, all too often preoccupied with demonstrating technical features to stakeholders and having them sign-off on them. 
+The **problem** with prototyping is that it is by its very nature a technical exercise, all too often preoccupied with demonstrating technical features to stakeholders and having them sign off on them.
 
-The challenge that Cooperative Design set out tackle was how to *involve* ordinary people – users and other non-technical stakeholders – in the actual development of prototypes.
+The challenge that Cooperative Design set out to tackle was how to *involve* ordinary people – users and other non-technical stakeholders – in the actual development of prototypes.
 
-Prototyping is a common feature of many design models today, from the spiral model to agile. The contribution of Cooperative Design is to use it as a vehicle for put stakeholder viewpoints and experience at the centre of the design process, not technical specifications and feature demonstrations, and it provides us with a tried and tested way of doing participatory research in computing.
+Prototyping is a common feature of many design models today, from the spiral model to agile. The contribution of Cooperative Design is to use it as a vehicle for putting stakeholder viewpoints and experience at the centre of the design process, not technical specifications and feature demonstrations, and it provides us with a tried and tested way of doing participatory research in computing.
 
 ### RRI self-reflection tool
 
 Perhaps the most useful tool in the RRI Toolkit is the self-reflection tool: https://rri-tools.eu/self-reflection-tool
 
-- It helps you determine whether or not your research is responsible. 
+- It helps you determine whether or not your research is responsible.
 
 The public engagement section asks you 10 questions about stakeholder involvement.