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docs/lectures/graphics/05_2d_to_3d.md

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+# 2D to 3D
+
+#### Spaces and Transformations
+
+![1646763917.png](img/1646763917.png)
+
+- **Model Space**
+    - Model space is relative to an individual model which is made up of vertices.
+    - A cube has one vertex at each corner which are positioned relative to the centre of the cube
+    - In model space there is no information about where a model is relative to anything in the world, there is only information about the relative positions of the vertices which make up the model
+- **World Space**
+    - World space is relative top a larger coordinate system
+    - Vertices are positioned in model space and then all moved to the appropriate position in the world
+- **View Space**
+    - View space has all vertices from the perspective of the viewer
+    - Vertices aren’t defined in view space. The world is moved relative to the viewer position
+- **Clip space**
+    - Clip space is an intermediate space after vertices have been projected to what is going to be drawn to the screen
+- **Normalised Device Coordinate space**
+    - NDC space is almost identical to the pixels on the screen. 
+    - Vertices inside the NDC space will be rendered at those positions
+- **Screen space**
+    - Screen space maps directly to the pixels on the screen
+    - From now vertices can be used to construct triangles, which are rasterised and the appropriate pixels are coloured
+
+- Model Transform
+    - The transformation of vertices from model space to world space
+- View transform
+    - The transform of vertices from world space to view space
+- Projection transform
+    - The projection of vertices from view space to clip space
+- Perspective Division
+    - The division of each component by its homogeneous $w$ component
+- Viewport Transformation
+    - The mapping of normalised coordinates to vertices at screen pixel coordinates 
+
+#### View Space with Frustum
+
+![1646764884.png](img/1646764884.png)
+
+Everything outside the frustum isn’t rendered