# Enabling Real-Time communications and Services in Heterogeneous Networks of Drones and Vehicles

### Real World Experiments

#### Agricultural Monitoring Application

- Agricultural context in UK
- The production of potatoes or livestock has always been a major part of farming
- There has always been a need for farmers to be able to observe their field crops or animals as often as possible so that they are informed quickly about potential deep rooted problems in the fields.

Enable mobile reliable multi-hop DTN communications (in field near Nottingham)

- 2 Flying drones
- 1 Vehicle
- 2 Static ground sensing nodes
  - Raspberry Pis
  - These capture and send data to the drones, which forward it to a node with higher computational output

The two static sensing nodes are deployed on two different sides of the field out of reach of each other while the drone acts as a intermediaries.

All sensing nodes could measure

- Air temp
- wind speed
- soil temp

We measure average edge to edge (E2E) delays of content query and dissemination in the network

- Two drones and one vehicle (3 intermediaries) result in lower delays

#### Smart City Applications

- More focused on single hop
  - 1 Hovering drone (publisher)
  - Moving vehicle (subscriber)
  - The drone continuously sends information such as sensors readings, street images, traffic videos to the vehicle which monitors road conditions
- Single hop communications is significantly affected by physical obstructions
  - Therefore the latency went down in suburbs compared to city centres
  - Height of the drone is important as well

